Word Finder - workings

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(usually in the plural) Operation; action.

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Method of operation.

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The incidental or subsidiary calculations performed in solving an overall problem.

example

Be sure to check your working.

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Fermentation.

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(of bodies of water) Becoming full of a vegetable substance.

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A place where work is carried on.

example

the abandoned mine workings

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The internal mechanism of some device or system.

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The parts of a quarry or mine that are being (or has been) worked.

Chalk, from which blanc de Troyes is manufactured, and clay are abundant; and there are peat workings and quarries of building-stone and limestone.

Indeed, as one of the acutest and most sympathetic of his critics has remarked, the deep and settled grudge he has betrayed towards every form of Christian belief, in all the writings of his maturity, may be taken as evidence that he had at one time experienced in his own person at least some of the painful workings of a positive faith.

The workings of this Will are irrational primarily, but, as in its evolution it becomes more rationalized and understands the whole meaning of the Weltschmerz, it ultimately reaches the point at which the desire for existence is gone.

Henceforward it was to be the serious study of the workings of nature in producing the beings we see around us from beings more or less unlike them, that had existed in bygone ages and had been the parents of a varied and varying offspring - our fellow-creatures of to-day.

Mining is carried on only to a small extent for arsenic, although there are traces of former more extensive workings for other metals.

Evidences of ancient workings remain near Holguin and Gibara, and it is possible that some of these workings are still exploitable.

The most promising deposits and the most important workings are in Matanzas and Santa Clara provinces.

Here are kept very complete and curious documents of the Inquisition, showing all its workings from the 15th to the 19th century.

A tax of 10% is levied on the annual net produce of all gold workings (proclamation of 1902) and the government takes 60% of the profits on diamond mines.

Potgieter and some companions followed the trail of Trichard's party as far as the Zoutpansberg, where they were shown gold workings by the natives and saw rings of gold made by native workmen.

The term 1 is not limited to underground operations, but includes also surface excavations, as in placer mining and open-air workings of coal and ore deposits by methods similar to quarrying, and boring operations for oil, natural gas or brine.

Information of this sort obtained by surface exploration is often as conclusive as similar information obtained from underground workings.

Either may be used for drainage of the mine workings, in which case it becomes an adit.

Drifts and inclined shafts following the deposit may prove difficult of maintenance when the workings become large and settlement of the overlying strata begins.

In the systematic mining of larger deposits, the simplest plan consists in mining large areas by means of numerous working-places under the protection of pillars of mineral left for the purpose, and later mining these pillars systematically, allowing the overlying rock beds to fall and fill the abandoned workings.

The shrinkage of the rock-filling and the settlement of the workings /, Yan be greatly lessened by the use of hard rock with a minimum of fine stuff; but even so the advantage lies with the American system of timbering.

The cost of filling has been greatly reduced by the system of flushing culm, sand, gravel and similar material, through pipes leading from the surface into mine workings.

Opposed to the motive force producing the air current is the frictional resistance developed in passing through the mine workings.

So far as possible, vitiated air is led directly to the shaft instead of passing through other workings; for example, mine stables when used are placed near the upcast shaft and ventilated by an independent split of the ventilating current.

In addition mining operations are subject to interruption and added expense from explosions, mine fires, flooding, and the caving-in of the workings.

When direct attack is no longer practicable, it is possible to extinguish the fire by sealing the mine workings, and exhausting the supply of oxygen.

The mass of water falling down the shaft is converted into spray, which is carried by the force of the fall long distances into the workings.

Mine fires may sometimes be reached by bore-holes sunk for the purpose from the surface, and the burning workings below filled by flushing with culm and water.

The mine workings may also be flooded Flooding of by large bodies of underground water.

In such cases preliminary surveys should be made to determine the thickness of rock over the proposed workings.

In Great Britain the law requires that the workings shall be protected by 120 ft.

The caving in of mine workings results from the excavation of large areas supported upon pillars of insufficient size.

While the mine workings are small the overlying rocks support themselves of and the full pressure does not come upon the mine Caving p i llars.

While abundant warning of the caving-in of the workings is thus given in advance it may happen that men are unexpectedly imprisoned by the closing of the main passage ways.

Traces of ancient workings were found in several places, but the ores did not contain gold in paying quantities.

These and the ancient copper workings were investigated by Burton in 1877.

It is not often remembered that William possessed an experience of the workings of representative government in Holland, which was remarkably similar to that in England.

It is the centre of a large gold-field consisting of quartz ranges, with some alluvial deposits, and many of the mines are deep-level workings.

From the district of Yukon (Klondike, &c.) £2,800,000 was obtained in 1899, wholly from alluvial workings, but the progress made since has been slower than was expected by sanguine people.

Alaska appeared in the list of gold-producing countries in 1886, and gradually increased its annual output until 1897, when the country attracted much attention with a production valued at over £500,000; the opening up of new workings has increased this figure immensely, from about £1,400,000 in 1901 to £3,006,500 in 1905.

In Rhodesia, the country lying north of the Transvaal, where gold occurs in well-defined quartzveins, there is unquestionable evidence of extensive ancient workings.

The gold production of Russia has been remarkably constant, averaging £4,899,262 per annum; the gold is derived chiefly from placer workings in Siberia.

In workings on a larger scale, where the supply of water is abundant, as in California, sluices were generally employed.

In a modified degree the same is true of the Indian fields; large supplies are unworked, but in several districts, especially about Raniganj and elsewhere in Bengal, workings are fully developed.

In South America coal is known in Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, northern Chile, Brazil (chiefly in the south), and Argentina (Parana, the extreme south of Patagonia, and Tierra del Fuego), but in no country are the workings extensive.

Africa is apparently the continent poorest in coal, though valuable workings have been developed at various points in British South Africa, e.g.

The opening and laying out, or, as it is generally called, "winning," of new collieries is rarely Prelimin- undertaken without a ary trial preliminary examination of coal= of the character of the workings.

The actual coal measure strata, consisting mainly of shales and clays, are generally impervious to water, but when strata of a permeable character are sunk through, such as the magnesian limestone of the north of England, the Permian sandstones of the central counties, or the chalk and greensand in the north of France and Westphalia, special methods are required in order to pass the water-bearing beds, and to protect the shaft and workings from the influx of water subsequently.

The use of two independent connexions - whether separate pits or sections of the same pit, between the surface and the workings - is necessary for the service of the ventilation, fresh air from the surface being carried down one, known as the " downcast," while the foul or return air of the mine rises through the other or " upcast " pit back to the surface.

In the latter case, which represents the most approved practice, the sinking is usually placed about the centre of the ground, so that the workings may radiate in every direction from the pit bottom, with the view of employing the greatest number of hands to advantage.

Where properties are much divided, it is always necessary to maintain a thick barrier of unwrought coal between the boundary of the mine and the neighbouring workings, especially if the latter are to the dip. If a prominent line of fault crosses the area it may usually be a convenient division of the fields into sections or districts.

The first process in laying out the workings consists in driving a gallery on the level along the course of the coal seam, which is known as a " dip head level," and a lower parallel one, in which the water collects, known as a " lodgment level."

These pillars are left for the support of the roof as the workings advance, so as to keep the mine open and free from waste.

The character of such workings is very irregular in plan, and as the ventilation is attended with considerable difficulty, it is now becoming generally superseded by more improved methods.

Where the whole of the coal is removed at once there is less chance of surface damage, when the mines are deep, than with pillar workings.